Year: 2025 | Month: May | Volume: 12 | Issue: 5 | Pages: 638-645
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20250567
Advanced Lipid Parameter: Implications for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Syndrome
Ikky Nabila Nandinanti1
Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University
Corresponding Author: Ikky Nabila Nandinanti1
ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, emphasizing the urgent need for improved biomarkers that allow earlier and more precise risk detection. Traditional lipid profiles, such as total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides, have been widely used for risk assessment, yet they often fall short in accurately identifying individuals at high risk, especially those with metabolic abnormalities. Advanced lipid parameters have emerged as promising tools in the era of precision medicine. Apolipoproteins are critical in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment. Apolipoprotein A (ApoA), the principal protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), is involved in anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic processes and reverse cholesterol transport. Decreased ApoA1 levels correlate with metabolic syndrome and increased cardiovascular risk. In contrast, Apolipoprotein B (ApoB), the main structural protein of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and other atherogenic lipoproteins, is a strong predictor of atherogenic lipoprotein burden and cardiovascular events. ApoB levels reflect the total number of circulating atherogenic particles more accurately than LDL cholesterol concentration. Lipoprotein(a) or Lp(a) is a genetically determined LDL-like particle with prothrombotic and proatherogenic properties, independently contributing to CVD risk. Small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles are highly atherogenic due to their susceptibility to oxidation and enhanced arterial wall penetration. Advanced lipid parameters, including ApoA, ApoB, Lp(a), and sdLDL, provide superior predictive value over conventional lipid profiles for cardiovascular risk stratification and are essential in the early detection and management of metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease. Incorporating these parameters into clinical practice may improve personalized therapeutic strategies.
Keywords: advanced lipid parameter, metabolic syndrome, apolipoprotein A, apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein (a), sdLDL
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